Mountain

The toughest trails are also the most tempting. Quick and always in control, this singletrack shredder is up for the challenge. Built on a lightweight, stiff composite frame with smooth Maestro suspension and nimble 27.5 wheels, it's just what you need going up, down and all around. Trance Advanced delivers cutting edge performance so you can climb faster and descend with more control. Featuring 140mm of rear suspension travel and 150mm up front, plus the agile all-rounder performance of 27.5 wheels, this progressive trail bike can do it all. The refined Maestro suspension system includes a trunnion mount shock and Advanced Forged composite rocker arm, which makes the whole chassis lighter and stronger. And overall frame geometry has evolved with shorter chainstays and a longer toptube for confident handling on aggressive terrain. 27.5 agility and control 27.5-inch wheels balance agility and control, giving you the ability to roll over rugged terrain, flick the bike at speed, change lines, and explode out of corners. Progressive suspension Maestro rear suspension features a trunnion mount shock with a longer stroke and smoother feel. With 140mm of rear travel (and 150mm up front), it features an Advanced Forged Composite upper rocker arm for increased stiffness and strength plus lower overall frame weight. Trail-tuned chassis The lightweight and stiff Advanced-grade composite frameset features balanced geometry to give you confidence on technical trails. The result is agile and efficient climbing plus added control for trails ranging from chunky singletrack to flowy high-speed

PUSH THE PACE ON CLIMBS, LET LOOSE ON THE DESCENTS. THIS ALUMINUM HARDTAIL GIVES YOU A FEEL FOR THE TRAIL WITH BALANCED, CONFIDENT HANDLING AND A PLUSH SUSPENSION FORK. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Proven alloy performance ALUXX aluminum frameset is hand-built in-house by the world leader in aluminum engineering. Balance and stability Frame geometry is designed to optimize the balance and roll-over capabilities of 29-inch wheels or the liveliness of 27.5-inch wheels (depending on frame size). XC control Suspension fork offers either 80mm or 100mm of smooth travel for added XC control. Wheel size: Sizes X-Small – Medium: 27.5-inch Sizes Small – X-Large: 29-inch

Why follow tracks when you can make your own? Experience the "Foot out, flat out" fun of fat biking in any seasons. Whether you're tackling fresh snow pack or drifty sand dunes for days, the new Yukon will keep you rallying your favorite terrain in a whole new way.

Float through rock gardens, hit the jumps, and find the faster line. With quick-handling 27.5 wheels and adjustable frame geometry, this lively trail bike is a party on wheels. Built for those who favor the responsive, agile handling of 27.5 wheels, this trail ripper features flip chip that lets you adjust the frame geometry for riding style and terrain. You can choose a steeper or slacker headtube angle and either a 20mm or 30mm bottom bracket drop. The ALUXX SL aluminum frame is fitted with updated Maestro rear suspension featuring 145mm of smooth, active rear travel. A trunnion-mount shock and Advanced Forged Composite rocker arm help soak up bumps, giving you traction and control to float through rocks, roots and ruts. Confidence is further bolstered by a 160mm travel suspension fork up front.

When it comes to riding hard and fast on challenging off-road terrain, there’s almost nothing this ambitious trail bike can't do. From steep, technical climbs to rowdy descents, Trance gives you the perfect blend of quickness and control. This is a trail bike that thrives in the most challenging conditions. The frameset is engineered with a lightweight yet super strong and stiff ALUXX SL aluminum frame. It has updated Maestro rear suspension featuring a trunnion-mount shock and Advanced Forged Composite rocker arm to soak up bumps small and large. You get 140mm of smooth, active rear travel that gives you the traction and control you need to be one with the trail. Frame geometry is designed around its 27.5 wheels, which deliver both quickness and control on rugged terrain. Up front, you have a 150mm suspension fork for even more confidence. Just pick your line, point it and go. 27.5 agility and control - 27.5-inch wheels balance agility and control, giving you the ability to roll over rugged terrain, flick the bike at speed, change lines, and explode out of corners. Progressive suspension - Updated Maestro rear suspension features a trunnion mount shock with a longer stroke and smoother feel. With 140mm of rear travel (and 150mm up front), it has an Advanced Forged Composite upper rocker arm for increased stiffness and strength plus lower overall frame weight. Trail-tuned chassis - The lightweight, stiff, and durable ALUXX SL aluminum frameset features updated geometry to give you confidence on technical trails. The result is agile and efficient climbing plus added control for trails ranging from chunky singletrack to flowy high-speed.

Rangefinder is Salsa's confidence-building trail hardtail. Built for riders who want to start discovering their local trail systems, Rangefinder offers geometry and spec designed for the perfect introduction to mountain biking. Rangefinder opens up singletrack and doubletrack adventures and offers provisions for bikepacking setups so riders can expand their off-road repertoires. Rangefinder is mountain biking for the masses. - 6061-T6 alloy frame - Internally-routed shift, brake and dropper post housing - 139 mm suspension fork and dropper post - 1x drivetrain keeps shifting simple with plenty of gear range - Hydraulic brakes offer confident stopping power - Compatible with 29" or 27.5 plus wheels and tires - Carry what you need with the integrated top tube bag mount, two bottle cage mounts in the frame on M, L, and XL sizes, one accessory mount under the down tube, and rear rack mounts

Breaking the Mold with a 29er Bike As the first "plus" bike to hit the market, Krampus changed the way many people approach trail riding. It's shown people the light of how high volume, large diameter tires can vastly improve the ride experience. It's also done a bang-up job dispelling the myth that big tires make you slow. Krampus is kind of like the opposite of a mullet: long in the front and short in the rear. With a long toptube and compact chainstays, it takes trail-shredding abilities to the next level. A mullet may be business in the front, party in the back but Krampus makes partying its business. "Lean back, hang on, and ride that wild horse." -Thor - Modern trail standards: dropper post compatibility, 44mm headtube, Gnot-Boost rear spacing, thru-axles, suspension corrected fork - Compatibility with most mountain bike standards makes it the perfect parts bin bike (no rim brakes allowed though) - Clearance for 29" x 3" tires

This full-composite frame is engineered for 135mm of rear travel and 150mm up front. The Maestro rear suspension has a two-stage adjustable Advanced Forged Composite rocker arm with a trunnion-mount shock. A flip chip lets you choose either low or high frame geometry settings, which adjusts the headtube and seattube angle, along with the bottom bracket drop, to fine tune handling for your riding style and terrain.

Chunky rock gardens, roots and technical climbs. This hard-charging trail bike adapts to the terrain, giving you confidence and control on all types of singletrack. Engineered to help you ride faster and smoother on the toughest trails, this versatile trail bike has a lightweight, strong and stiff aluminum chassis with 29er-specific geometry. Updated Maestro rear suspension delivers 135mm of active rear travel that pairs perfectly with a 150mm fork. The Advanced Forged Composite rocker arm has a flip chip that allows you to adjust frame geometry. Choose steeper or slacker headtube/seattube angles and either a 30mm or 40mm bottom bracket drop to adjust the handling for your riding style and terrain.

Discover a little mischief and unknown territory with the trail-ready Embolden, the perfect bike to get you onto the trails and singletracks. Trail Confidence 130 mm front travel and 120 mm rear travel, plus confidence-inspiring geometry, and disc brakes. Accessible Performance Equipped with single-pivot Flexpoint suspension design, and tuned specifically for women, Embolden is a highly capable, trail-versed dual suspension bike. Inspiring Comfort LivRight Sizing and 3F Design Philosophy guarantee a design built truly for women and the perfect fit across all frame sizes. Why We Love It Embolden is designed with women’s-specific geometry and 130 mm front/120 mm rear suspension, on a single-pivot Flexpoint platform. This bike feels stable, fast and energetic even as the terrain gets technical, meeting the demands of trail riding. Using our 3F Design Philosophy, we developed a geometry that provides a low standover height, making dismounts and maneuvering your body around the frame effortless. The 27.5-inch wheel size ensures that bike handling is still nimble and playful, while carrying more speed in corners and through rocks, providing a stable, trustworthy feel. - Frame: ALUXX-Grade Aluminum, 120mm FlexPoint Suspension - Fork: Giant Crest 34 RCL, 130mm, Boost, 42mm offset, custom tuned for Liv - Wheels: Giant AM 27.5, tubeless ready, sleeve-joint rim, 30mm inner width - Shifters: Shimano Deore - Crankset: Praxis Cadet Boost, 30T

Timberjack is Salsa's aggressive trail hardtail. Its progressive trail geometry is stable on descents and technical sections, while the Alternator 2.0 dropouts allow for adjustable chainstay length to dial in ride characteristics. Ample accessory mounts and dual wheel size compatibility add more versatility to the package, making Timberjack a well-rounded ripper that likes to party. - 6061-T6 alloy frame - Aggressive trail geometry - 130 mm fork and dropper post provide capability in technical terrain - Alternator 2.0 dropouts expand drivetrain and setup options - Short chainstays and long front-center provide agility and stability on the trail - Front triangle space is maximized for frame bag use - Internal cable routing - Compatible with 27.5+ or 29" wheels

FROM FAST, ROWDY DESCENTS TO TECHNICAL TERRAIN, THIS PROGRESSIVE TRAIL BIKE GIVES YOU ACTIVE SUSPENSION, ADJUSTABLE FRAME GEOMETRY, AND EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO UP YOUR SINGLETRACK GAME. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Confidence & Control Maximum control with a complete Advanced-grade carbon composite frame and 29-inch TRX 2 carbon WheelSystem that is optimized for roll-over on technical terrain with balance, stability, and durability. Giving you more confidence on tricky climbs and fast sketchy descents. Progressive Suspension Maestro Suspension Technology is designed to improve bump compliance, traction, acceleration, cornering control, and braking performance under all trail conditions. With 135mm of full rear-wheel travel and 150mm up front, this do-it-all mid-travel trail frame is paired with RockShox's Flight Attendant adaptive auto-damping system to anticipate and adjust to the perfect suspension state throughout your ride. Adaptable & Adjustable Adding to the versatility of the frame design is a frame linkage flip-chip lets you change the head tube and seat tube angles, along with the bottom bracket height, to fine tune the handling. You can choose the low position for fast, open terrain, or the high position for slower, tighter singletrack.

The Sight A3 boosts your All-Mountain confidence with incredible descending capability, adept, sure-footed climbing, and efficient pedaling. To make the Sight Aluminum, we had to re-think how you connect with the trail. With maximum front and rear wheel grip on climbs and descents, Sight A3 maintains momentum and cadence in technical situations and allows the suspension to move freely without absorbing drivetrain energy. Reasons It's Rad: - Precise tune and fit perfects every ride. - Max standover with long travel dropper posts. - Sweating the little stuff makes the ride better. - Four piston brakes with 200/180mm rotors. - Features the Ride Aligned Design System. Wheel size: Sizes Small – X-Large: 27.5-inch or 29-inch

The Trail 429 might well be the perfect category defying trail bike. Progressive geometry and super capable suspension give hard charging riders the tools they need to thrive in jumpy and steep terrain. 120mm of travel has never felt this plush or this composed. This very same super-refined dw-link suspension also delivers whip-crack pedal response and acceleration, aided and abetted by the strongest, lightest carbon fiber chassis we've ever developed. The sharp-end of the stick XC capability of this bike is eye-opening, on par with dedicated flyweight race bikes. This is a bike that you can shred with confidence everywhere from 24-hour race courses to untamed high alpine singletrack. - Refined geometry exemplifies the pinnacle of modern race-to-trail performance - New, more progressive dw-link prioritizes pedaling efficiency yet still rewards riders with plush, controlled travel - 120mm rear suspension travel featuring a vertically trunnion mounted high-volume air shock delivers unprecedented comfort and tunability - Flip chip adjustability allows riders to tailor geometry for either spirited all-round handling or a more progressive and rowdy demeanor - Hassle-free, full-length, internal cable routing with Pivot's easy to service and ultra-quiet Pivot Cable Port System - Fits riders between 4'10" and 6'7" with X-Small to X-Large size offerings - Pivot's full carbon frame feature size-specific ride tuning, leading edge carbon fiber materials and Pivot's proprietary hollow core molding technology to ensure that every rider from 4'11" to 6'7" has a bike that feels perfect and performs at the optimum level for their size - Pivot Tool Dock system compatible with mounts under the top tube and integrated into the underside of the frame

The Arc is back. Conjuring up all the nostalgia, hoots and hollers from yesteryear. It's your instant-feedback steed for any trail. Show it your singletrack, pump track and your bikepack route too. It's got history to live up to and new history to make. And it's already impatient.

FROM FAST, ROWDY DESCENTS TO TECHNICAL TERRAIN, THIS PROGRESSIVE TRAIL BIKE GIVES YOU ACTIVE SUSPENSION, ADJUSTABLE FRAME GEOMETRY, AND EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO UP YOUR SINGLETRACK GAME. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS 29er confidence and control 29-inch wheels optimized to roll over technical terrain with balance and stability, giving you more momentum on tricky climbs and confidence to fly on fast singletrack descents. Added clearance for up to 2.5-inch tires. Progressive suspension Maestro rear suspension features a trunnion mount shock with a longer stroke and smoother feel. With 135mm of full rear-wheel travel (and 150mm up front), it features an Advanced Forged Composite upper rocker arm for increased stiffness and strength plus lower overall frame weight. Adjustable geometry A flip chip lets you change the headtube and seattube angles, along with the bottom bracket height, to fine-tune the handling. You can choose the low position (65.5/77.2 head/seattube angle and 40mm BB drop) for fast, open terrain, or high (66.2/77.9 head/seattube angle and 30mm drop) for slower, tighter singletrack.

Precision tracking in the rough, superior climbing efficiency, and a completely new angle on suspension make the Range C2 the fastest bike in Enduro—and your ultimate Big Mountain companion. With 170mm of suspension travel front & rear and precision handling, the Range C2 makes the speed feel easy, helps maintain momentum on rough descents, and makes the most of every pedal stroke.

The Cassidy Alloy Frame gives you the confidence to seek out the steepest, most technical trails out there. Its stiff and durable aluminum frame stands up to trail punishment, whether you're enjoying a full day of shuttle runs, barreling through rugged rock gardens, or hitting drops and gaps. 165 mm of Split Pivot rear suspension offers progressive travel for the stoutest trails, with superior pedaling efficiency and consistent braking traction to boot. Build it up and go big.

This pro-level XC flyer pairs new FlexPoint Pro rear suspension with a superlight full composite frame and race-ready geometry. It's the ultimate weapon for technical cross-country terrain. Engineered with a full composite frameset, this 29er has 100mm of rear suspension travel and 110mm up front. The single-pivot FlexPoint Pro rear suspension makes room for shorter chainstays to improve climbing capabilities and overall agility. Other updates include new 29er-specific XC race geometry with a longer reach and a slacker headtube angle plus a lightweight, stiff composite wheelset options for quick, precise handling.

PUSH THE PACE ON CLIMBS, LET LOOSE ON THE DESCENTS. THIS ALUMINUM HARDTAIL GIVES YOU A FEEL FOR THE TRAIL WITH BALANCED, CONFIDENT HANDLING AND A PLUSH SUSPENSION FORK. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Proven alloy performance ALUXX aluminum frameset is hand-built in-house by the world leader in aluminum engineering. Balance and stability Frame geometry is designed to optimize the balance and roll-over capabilities of 29-inch wheels or the liveliness of 27.5-inch wheels (depending on frame size). XC control Suspension fork offers either 80mm or 100mm of smooth travel for added XC control. Wheel size: Sizes X-Small – Medium: 27.5-inch Sizes Small – X-Large: 29-inch

Get your dose of singletrack on a fun hardtail that puts you in control. The combination of a lightweight hardtail frame, 130mm suspension fork, and 27.5 wheels with wide rims and high-volume tires delivers loads of traction, speed, and fun on the trail. With its updated ALUXX SL aluminum frame, quick-handling 27.5 wheels and high-volume tires, Fathom is a great choice for technical terrain and singletrack shredding. It blends the efficient ride quality of a classic hardtail with the confident ride quality of larger tires that absorb bumps and give you more traction—so you can tackle rougher trails with total control. The frame is designed with trail-friendly geometry that includes a more relaxed head angle and a 130mm suspension fork. Trail Tuned Design Balanced geometry with a 75-degree seat tube angle puts the rider in a powerful pedaling position on the climbs, while a slacker 66-degree head angle boosts confidence and control on technical descents. ALUXX SL aluminum frameset is hand-built in-house by the world leader in aluminum engineering. Responsive Handling Lightweight ALUXX SL aluminum hardtail frame offers agile acceleration and maneuverability to help riders climb, corner, and hammer the flats with efficiency and speed. Smooth Control Giant Crest 34 suspension fork with 130mm of travel absorbs roots, rocks, and ruts. Grippy, high-volume tires boost traction on rugged terrain. And, a dropper seatpost with handlebar remote lets you adjust saddle height on the fly for confident positioning on changing terrain.

Get a feel for the trail with this all-new aluminum hardtail made for aspiring singletrack riders. It features stable, fast-rolling 29-inch or more-playful 27.5-inch wheels so you can push the pace on climbs and let loose on the descents. Built on a new lightweight ALUXX aluminum frame that features classic hardtail design plus the balanced riding characteristics of either larger diameter 29-inch or 27.5-inch wheels, Talon is a great choice for XC or light trail terrain. The frame geometry is specifically designed to adapt to its respective wheel size and either an 80mm or 100mm suspension fork (depending on frame size). It’s a confident ride that’s perfect for ambitious riders who want to take their off-road skills to the next level. Proven alloy performance ALUXX aluminum frameset is hand-built in-house by the world leader in aluminum engineering. Balance and stability Frame geometry is designed to optimize the balance and roll-over capabilities of 29-inch wheels or the liveliness of 27.5-inch wheels (depending on frame size). XC control Suspension fork offers either 80mm or 100mm of smooth travel for added XC control. Wheel size: Sizes X-Small – Medium: 27.5-inch Sizes Small – X-Large: 29-inch

Built with a lightweight ALUXX aluminum frameset and FlexPoint single-pivot rear suspension setup, Stance is a great way to improve your trail riding. Its 27.5+ wheel and tire compatibility give it a plush ride quality that soaks up bumps and adds more traction and stability. Combined with 120mm of smooth suspension travel front and rear, it's a confident ride that will have you nailing new lines.

Get a feel for the trail with this all-new aluminum hardtail made for aspiring singletrack riders. It features stable, fast-rolling 29-inch or more-playful 27.5-inch wheels so you can push the pace on climbs and let loose on the descents. Built on a new lightweight ALUXX aluminum frame that features classic hardtail design plus the balanced riding characteristics of either larger diameter 29-inch or 27.5-inch wheels, Talon is a great choice for XC or light trail terrain. The frame geometry is specifically designed to adapt to its respective wheel size and either an 80mm or 100mm suspension fork (depending on frame size). It’s a confident ride that’s perfect for ambitious riders who want to take their off-road skills to the next level. Proven alloy performance ALUXX aluminum frameset is hand-built in-house by the world leader in aluminum engineering. Balance and stability Frame geometry is designed to optimize the balance and roll-over capabilities of 29-inch wheels or the liveliness of 27.5-inch wheels (depending on frame size). XC control Suspension fork offers either 80mm or 100mm of smooth travel for added XC control. Wheel size: Sizes X-Small – Medium: 27.5-inch Sizes Small – X-Large: 29-inch

Turn up the heat on technical trails, and do it with more confidence and control. Featuring updated suspension and adjustable geometry, this feisty 29er adapts to the terrain. This versatile trail machine is built on a lightweight, stiff and super-strong ALUXX SL frameset that blends our latest Maestro suspension technology with adjustable frame geometry. The Advanced Forged Composite rocker arm has a flip chip that allows you to adjust frame geometry. Choose steeper or slacker headtube/seattube angles and either a 35mm or 45mm bottom bracket drop to fine-tune the handling for your riding style and terrain. It's designed around a 130mm travel suspension fork, and the overall geometry has been tuned to maximize its performance on rugged trails.

CRANK UP STEEP CLIMBS WITH SMOOTH EFFICIENCY. SWOOP DOWN SINGLETRACK DESCENTS WITH SPEED AND CONFIDENCE. THIS HARDTAIL 29ER DELIVERS A BALANCED RIDE ON XC TERRAIN. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Trail tuned design Balanced geometry with a 75-degree seattube angle puts the rider in a powerful pedaling position on climbs, while a slacker 66-degree head angle boosts confidence and control on technical descents. Responsive handling Lightweight ALUXX SL aluminum hardtail frame offers agile acceleration and maneuverability to help riders climb, corner and hammer the flats with efficiency and speed. Smooth control Giant Crest 34 suspension fork with 130mm of travel absorbs roots, rocks and ruts. Grippy, high-volume tires boost traction on rugged terrain. And a dropper seatpost with handlebar remote lets you adjust saddle height on the fly for confident positioning on changing terrain.

PUSH THE PACE ON CLIMBS, LET LOOSE ON THE DESCENTS. THIS ALUMINUM HARDTAIL GIVES YOU A FEEL FOR THE TRAIL WITH BALANCED, CONFIDENT HANDLING AND A PLUSH SUSPENSION FORK. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Proven alloy performance ALUXX aluminum frameset is hand-built in-house by the world leader in aluminum engineering. Balance and stability Frame geometry is designed to optimize the balance and roll-over capabilities of 29-inch wheels or the liveliness of 27.5-inch wheels (depending on frame size). XC control Suspension fork offers either 80mm or 100mm of smooth travel for added XC control. Wheel size: Sizes X-Small – Medium: 27.5-inch Sizes Small – X-Large: 29-inch

From parkways to paths and everything in between, this versatile bike can add some spice to your commute or fitness routine. With its flat handlebar, upright positioning, and suspension fork, you’re free to ride different types of terrain with confidence and control. With a rugged personality and a smooth riding style, ATX features the familiar flat handlebar look of a traditional mountain bike. It has a lightweight yet durable ALUXX aluminum frame and a suspension fork with 100mm of smooth travel to soak up bumps. The wheel diameter varies based on bike size, with 26-inch wheels on smaller frames and 27.5 on larger ones. This tailors the bike’s handling to a rider’s height. Powerful brakes deliver confident handling in all types of weather, and integrated mounts make it easy to add racks or fenders to suit your riding adventures. All-terrain versatility With a mountain bike-style flat handlebar and suspension fork, you can ride road or dirt with confidence. Lightweight and durable Frameset constructed with high-quality ALUXX aluminum. Comfort and stability Frame geometry puts the rider in a position that balances efficiency with stability on rough roads, paths, or trails.

GET YOUR DAILY DOSE OF SINGLETRACK. WITH A LIGHTWEIGHT FRAME, 130MM SUSPENSION FORK AND 27.5 WHEELS WITH HIGH-VOLUME TIRES, THIS HARDTAIL OFFERS LOADS OF TRACTION, SPEED AND FUN ON THE TRAIL. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Trail tuned design Balanced geometry with a 75-degree seattube angle puts the rider in a powerful pedaling position on climbs, while a slacker 66-degree head angle boosts confidence and control on technical descents. Responsive handling Lightweight ALUXX SL aluminum hardtail frame offers agile acceleration and maneuverability to help riders climb, corner and hammer the flats with efficiency and speed. Smooth control Giant Crest 34 suspension fork with 130mm of travel absorbs roots, rocks and ruts. Grippy, high-volume tires boost traction on rugged terrain. And a dropper seatpost with handlebar remote lets you adjust saddle height on the fly for confident positioning on changing terrain.

Crank up steep climbs with smooth-rolling efficiency. Swoop down singletrack descents with stability and speed. This aluminum hardtail 29er features progressive trail geometry, a plush suspension fork, and dropper seatpost for the confidence you need to up your singletrack game. Built on an ALUXX SL aluminum frame, the Fathom 29 features updated geometry that produces a stable ride quality for challenging XC trails. The frame is optimized for a 130mm suspension fork for smooth control on the descents. An updated Giant WheelSystem comes with tubeless tires already set up, making it easy to experience added efficiency and control, plus a reduced risk of flats on technical terrain. Trail Tuned Design Balanced geometry with a 75-degree seat tube angle puts the rider in a powerful pedaling position on the climbs, while a slacker 66-degree head angle boosts confidence and control on technical descents. Responsive Handling Lightweight ALUXX SL aluminum hardtail frame offers agile acceleration and maneuverability to help riders climb, corner, and hammer the flats with efficiency and speed. Smooth Control Giant Crest 34 suspension fork with 130mm of travel absorbs roots, rocks, and ruts. Grippy, high-volume tires boost traction on rugged terrain. And a dropper seatpost with handlebar remote lets you adjust saddle height on the fly for confident positioning on changing terrain.